novel gmbh - art in science

art in science is novel’s motto and trademark because we strongly feel that excellent science is also a piece of art. Our DNA is precision and accuracy and we stand for innovation and quality to enable world class research and development.

We are proud of the groundbreaking research from leading researchers and institutions around the world, done with novel technology:

TopicTitleAuthors Of PublicationYear Of PublicationDownload
loadsolIn-Shoe Sensor Measures of Loading Asymmetry during Gait as a Predictor of Frailty Development in Community-Dwelling Older AdultsTatsuya Nakanowatari, Masayuki Hoshi, Akihiko Asao, Toshimasa Sone, Naoto Kamide, Miki Sakamoto and Yoshitaka Shiba 1ORCID2024

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pliancePressure sensing mat as an objective and sensitive tool for the evaluation of lameness in rabbitsChristin von der Ahe, Hannah Marahrens , Michael Schwarze, Nina Angrisani& Janin Reifenrath2023

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pedarEvaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and SpeedsSamuel Blades, Hunter Marriott, Sandra Hundza, Eric C. Honert, Trent Stellingwerff and Marc Klimstra2023

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Fracture evaluationFunctional assessment and outcome following surgical treatment of displaced tibial plateau fractures: a retrospective analysisPatrick Gahr, Thomas Mittlmeier, Anja Grau, Philipp K. E. Herlyn, Anja Rahn & Dagmar-C. Fischer 2023

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loadsolMuscle synergies inherent in simulated hypogravity running reveal flexible but not unconstrained locomotor controlCamille Fazzari, Robin Macchi, Yoko Kunimasa, Camélia Ressam, Rémy Casanova, Pascale Chavet & Caroline Nicol 2024

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loadsolUltrasound-detected effusion-synovitis is associated with greater limb loading rate asymmetry during walking post-ACL reconstruction: A pilot studyMatthew S. Harkey, Corey D. Grozier, Jessica Tolzman, Arjun Parmar, Molly Fagan, Katherine Collins, Christopher Kuenze, Ryan Fajardo2024

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loadsolDetecting differences in limb load asymmetry during walking between older adult fallers and non-fallers using in-shoe sensorsTatsuya Nakanowatari, Masayuki Hoshi, Toshimasa Sone, Naoto Kamide, Miki Sakamoto, Yoshitaka Shiba2024

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loadsolAutomation of an assessment of patients following hip arthroplastyEva Putz, T. Pohl, Wolfhard Savoy, S. Wearing, T. Horstmann2023

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loadsolValidation of In-Shoe Force Sensors during Loaded Walking in Military PersonnelPui Wah Kong, Muhammad Nur Shahril Iskandar, Ang Hong Koh, Mei Yee Mavis Ho and Cheryl Xue Er Lim2023

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Spinal Manipulation TherapyAnalysis of Force Profile Features in Spinal Manipulation TherapyMohamed Elgendi; Valentina Cecchini; Luana Nyirö; Lindsay M Gorrell; Petra Schweinhardt; Carlo Menon2023

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Diabetes3D-Printed Insoles for People with Type 2 Diabetes: An Italian, Ambulatory Case Report on the Innovative Care ModelMarco Mancuso, Rocco Bulzomi, Marco Mannisi, Francesco Martelli & Claudia Giacomozzi2023

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loadsolAccuracy and precision of loadsol® insole force-sensors for the quantification of ground reaction force-based biomechanical running parametersWolfgang Seiberl, Elisabeth Jensen, Josephine Merker, Marco Leitel & Ansgar Schwirtz2018

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DiabetesReliability of the Pedar in-shoe system for plantar pressure measurement in diabetic patients with and without neuropathy: a prospective studyForogh Bijan, Raissi Gholam Reza, Soleymanzadeh, Hosnieh & Bagherzadeh Cham, Masumeh2022

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Fracture evaluationWeight-bearing restrictions reduce postoperative mobility in elderly hip fracture patientsDaniel Pfeufer, Anne Zeller, Stefan Mehaffey, Wolfgang Böcker, Christian Kammerlander, Carl Neuerburg2019

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Fracture evaluationEarly Pain Catastrophizing Exacerbates Impaired Limb Loading and 6-Minute Walk Test Distance 12 Months After Lower Extremity FractureJoshua J. Van Wyngaarden, Kristin R. Archer, Alex Spencer, Paul E. Matuszewski, Benjamin Brightwell, Cale Jacobs, Brian Noehren2021

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Fracture evaluationThe grade of instability in fragility fractures of the pelvis correlates with impaired early mobilizationLeon Marcel Faust, Alexander Martin Keppler, Eduardo Suero, Johannes Gleich, Leonard Lisitano, Wolfgang Böcker, Carl Neuerburg & Daniel Pfeufer2022

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PedographyClinical Assessment of the Medial Longitudinal Arch in Children: Rater Agreement and Relationship to Objective Foot Arch MeasurementsAndreas Stotz, Karsten Hollander, Christoph Heidt, Susanne Sehner & Astrid Zech2020

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PedographyReliability and Correlation of Static and Dynamic Foot Arch Measurement in a Healthy Pediatric PopulationTimo Scholz, Astrid Zech, Karl Wegscheider, Susanne Lezius, Klaus-Michael Braumann, Susanne Sehner, Karsten Hollander2017

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PedographyArch index and running biomechanics in children aged 10–14 yearsKarsten Hollander, Julie Stebbins, Inke Marie Albertsen, Daniel Hamacher, Kornelia Babin, Claudia Hacke, Astrid Zechd2018

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PedographyGrowing-up (habitually) barefoot influences the development of foot and arch morphology in children and adolescentsKarsten Hollander, Johanna Elsabe de Villiers, Susanne Sehner, Karl Wegscheider, Klaus-Michael Braumann, Ranel Venter & Astrid Zech2017

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PedographyThe effects of being habitually barefoot on foot mechanics and motor performance in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years: study protocol for a multicenter cross-sectional studyKarsten Hollander, Babette C van der Zwaard, Johanna Elsabe de Villiers, Klaus-Michael Braumann, Ranel Venter, Astrid Zech2016

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loadsolThe Recovery of Weight-Bearing Symmetry After Total Hip Arthroplasty Is Activity-DependentSónia A. Alves,Marco Preuße, Hagen Hommel, Georg N. Duda, Alison N. Agres2022

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loadsolEffects of assistive insole feedback training on immediate and multi-day partial weight bearing retention during walking: A pilot studyJanina Anna Müßig, Andreas Brand, Inga Kröger, Isabella Klöpfer-Krämer, Peter Augat2022

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PedographyLongitudinal study of foot pressures during real-world walking as infants develop from new to confident walkers Author linksCarina Price, Eleonora Montagnani, Ana Martinez Santosa, Chris Nestera, Stewart Morrison2022

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loadsolContinuous similarity analysis in patient populationsCherice N.Hill, Shane Ross, Alexander Peeblesa, Robin M.Queen2022

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loadsolThe impact of standardized footwear on load and load symmetryAdam R. Luftglass, Alexander T. Peebles, Thomas K. Miller, Robin M. Queen2021

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Horse“Feel the Force”—Prevalence of Subjectively Assessed Saddle Fit Problems in Swiss Riding Horses and Their Association With Saddle Pressure Measurements and Back PainMarie T.Dittmann, Samuel Arpagaus, Valerie Hungerbühler, Michael A.Weishaupt& Selma N.Latif2021

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Sensor qualityThe accuracy and precision of interface pressure measuring devices: A systematic reviewOrsolya Kokai, Sharon L Kilbreath, Patrick McLaughlin, Elizabeth S Dylke2021

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loadsolEffect of speed and gradient on plantar force when running on an AlterG® treadmillAthol Thomson, Rodney Whiteley, Clint Hansen, Julius Welzel, Sebastien Racinais, and Mathew G. Wilson2021

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Sensor qualityA narrative review of running wearable measurement system accuracy and reliability: can we make running shoe prescription objective?Paul Blazey, Tom V. Michie & Christopher Napier2021

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loadsolDetection of age and gender differences in walking using mobile wearable sensorsKristen Renner, Robin Queen2021

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pedarEffect of shaft stiffness and sole flexibility on perceived comfort and the plantar pressures generated when walking on a simulated underground coal mining surfaceJessica A Dobson, Diane L Riddiford-Harland, Alison F Bell , Caleb Wegener , Julie R Steele2020

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HandIdentification of hip fracture patients at risk for postoperative mobilisation complications via handgrip strength assessmentJohannes Gleich, Daniel Pfeufer, Alexander M. Keppler, Stefan Mehaffey, Julian Fürmetz, Wolfgang Böcker, Christian Kammerlander, Carl Neuerburg2021

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DiabetesFoot ulcer recurrence, plantar pressure and footwear adherence in people with diabetes and Charcot midfoot deformity: A cohort analysisR. Keukenkamp, T. E. Busch‐Westbroek, R. Barn, J. Woodburn, S. A. Bus2020

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plianceAlterated ligamento-muscular reflex pattern after stimulation of the anterior talofibular ligament in functional ankle instabilitySusanne Rein, Elisabet Hagert, Thorben Sterling-Hauf2020

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loadsolWeight bearing in patients with femoral neck fractures compared to pertrochanteric fractures: A postoperative gait analysisDaniel Pfeufer, Chiara Grabmann, Stefan Mehaffey, Alexander Keppler, Wolfgang Böcker, Christian Kammerlander, Carl Neuerburg2019

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Fracture evaluationLoad-Bearing Detection with Insole-Force Sensors Provides New Treatment Insights in Fragility Fractures of the PelvisDaniel Pfeufer, Christopher A. Becker, Leon Faust, Alexander M. Keppler, Marissa Stagg, Christian Kammerlander, Wolfgang Böcker, Carl Neuerburg2020

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HorseThe effects of rider size and saddle fit for horse and rider on forces and pressure distribution under saddles: A pilot studyL. Roost, A. D. Ellis, C. Morris, A. Bondi, E. A. Gandy, P. Harris, S. Dyson2020

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HorseThe influence of rider:horse bodyweight ratio and rider-horse-saddle fit on equine gait and behaviour: A pilot studyS. Dyson, A. D. Ellis, R. Mackechnie-Guire, J. Douglas, A. Bondi, P. Harris2019

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HorseSaddle and stirrup forces of equestrian riders in sitting trot, rising trot, and trot without stirrups on a riding simulatorT.L. Bye, V. Lewis2019

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PedographyDevelopment and evaluation of a dual density insole for people standing for long periods of time at workJennifer Anderson, Anita E. Williams, Chris Nester2020

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loadsolUsing force sensing insoles to predict kinetic knee symmetry during a stop jumpAlexander T.Peebles, Kevin R.Ford, Jeffrey B.Taylor, Joseph M.Hart, Laura P.Sands, Robin M.Queen2019

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loadsolA novel method for measuring asymmetry in kinematic and kinetic variables: The normalized symmetry indexRobin Queen, Laura Dickerson, Shyam Ranganathan, Daniel Schmitt2020

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HorseApplied load on the horse’s back under racing conditionsKatja Geser-von Peinen, Selma N. Latif, Thomas Wiestner, Caroline Bitschnau, Brigitte Renk, Michael A.Weishaupt2013

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DiabetesTreatment for diabetic foot ulcersProf, Dr Peter R Cavanagh, DSc Prof Benjamin A Lipsky, MD Prof Andrew W Bradbury, FRCS Georgeanne Botek, DPM2005

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DiabetesClinical plantar pressure measurement in diabetesP.R. Cavanagh, J.S. Ulbrecht1994

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PedographyPedographic, clinical, and functional outcome after scarf osteotomyLorei TJ1, Kinast C, Klärner H, Rosenbaum D2006

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HandGrip force monitoring on the hand – Manugraphy system versus Jamar dynamometerMarion Mühldorfer‑Fodor · Steffen Ziegler · Christoph Harms · Julia Neumann · Alessandra Cristalli · Axel Kalpen · Günther Kundt · Thomas Mittlmeier · K. J. Prommersberger2014

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HandThe Effect of Midcarpal Versus Total Wrist Fusion on the Hand’s Load Distribution During GrippingMarion Mühldorfer-Fodor, MD, Angela Reger, MD, Jörg van Schoonhoven, PhD, Thomas Mittlmeier, PhD, Karl Josef Prommersberger, PhD2015

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HandLoad distribution of the hand during cylinder grip analyzed by manugraphyMarion Mühldorfer-Fodor MDa,*, Steffen Ziegler MDa, Christoph Harms MDb, Julia Neumann MDb, Günther Kundt PhD c, Thomas Mittlmeier PhD b, Karl Josef Prommersberger PhD a2016

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DiabetesTwelve steps per footM.L.J. Arts, S.A. Bus2011

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HorseForces and pressures beneath the saddle during mounting from the ground and from a raised mounting platformC.A. Geutjens, H.M. Clayton *, L.J. Kaiser2007

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HorseA bridle designed to avoid peak pressure locations under the headpiece and nosebandRachel Murray, Russell Guire, Mark Fisher, Vanessa Fairfax2015

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HorseEffect of the rider position during rising trot on the horse’s biomechanicsP.Martin, L.Cheze, P.Pourcelot, L.Desquilbet, L.Duray, H.Chateau2016

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HorseReducing peak pressures under the saddle panelRachel Murray, Russell Guire, Mark Fisher, Vanessa Fairfax2017

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HandThe manual pressures of stone tool behaviors and their implications for the evolution of the human handErin Marie Williams-Hatala, Kevin G. Hatala, McKenzie Gordon, Alastair Key, Margaret Kasper, Tracy L. Kivell2018

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DiabetesPlantar pressures in diabetic patients with foot ulcers which have remained healedT. M. Owings, J. Apelqvist, A. Stenström, M. Becker, S. A. Bus, A. Kalpen, J. S. Ulbrecht, P. R. Cavanagh2009

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HandA new measuring technique for determining the forces acting on the pulley system of the fingerIsabelle Schöffl, Konrad Oppelt, Andreas Schweizer, Arnika Hugel, Jörg Jüngert, Friedrich Hennig, Winfried Neuhuber, Volker Schöffl2009

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HandEffects of modified pen grip and handwriting training on writer’s crampBaur B, Fürholzer W, Jasper I, Marquardt C, Hermsdörfer J.2009

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HorseSaddle pressure patterns of three different training saddles in Thoroughbred racehorses at trot and gallopS. N. Latif, K. von Peinen, T. Wiestner, C. Bitschnau, B. Renk and M. A. Weishaupt2010

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HorseRelationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withersK. von Peinen, T. Wiestner, B. von Rechenberg and M. A. Weishaupt2010

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HorseRelationship between saddle and rider kinematics, horse locomotion, and thoracolumbar pressures in sound horsesRussell Mackechnie-Guire, Erik Mackechnie-Guire, Mark Fisher, Helen Mathie, Rosie Bush, Thilo Pfau, Renate Weller2018

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HandThe influence of glove and hand position on pressure over the ulnar nerve during cyclingJosh Slane a,c, Mark Timmerman d, Heidi-Lynn Ploeg a,b,c, Darryl G. Thelen2011

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HandMachine learning as a tool for predicting insincere effort in power gripsPeter Hahn (1), Eren Cenik (2), Karl-Josef Prommersberger (2), Marion Mühldorfer-Fodor (2)2016

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HandParameters influencing hand grip strength measured with the manugraphy systemAlice Wichelhaus1* , Christoph Harms1, Julia Neumann1, Steffen Ziegler2, Günther Kundt3, Karl Josef Prommersberger2, Thomas Mittlmeier1 and Marion Mühldorfer-Fodor22018

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HandFlake morphology as a record of manual pressure during stone tool productionAlastair Key a,⁎, Christopher J. Dunmore a, Kevin G. Hatala b,c, Erin Marie Williams-Hatala2018

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DiabetesDiabetic Foot Ulcers and Their RecurrenceDavid G. Armstrong, D.P.M., M.D., Ph.D., Andrew J.M. Boulton, M.D., and Sicco A. Bus, Ph.D.2017

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DiabetesEffect of Custom-Made Footwear on Foot Ulcer Recurrence in DiabetesSicco A. Bus, PHD, Roelof Waaijman, MSC, Mark Arts, MSC, Mirijam de Haart, MD, PHD, Tessa Busch-Westbroek, MD, MSC, Jeff van Baal, MD, PHD, Frans Nollet, MD, PHD2013

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DiabetesRisk Factors for Plantar Foot Ulcer Recurrence in Neuropathic Diabetic PatientsRoelof Waaijman, Mirjam de Haart, Mark L.J. Arts, Daniel Wever, Anke J.W.E. Verlouw, Frans Nollet, and Sicco A. Bus2014

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DiabetesInnovations in plantar pressure and foot temperature measurements in diabetesS.A. Bus2016

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DiabetesTotal contact cast wall load in patients with a plantar forefoot ulcer and diabetesLindy Begg, Patrick McLaughlin, Mauro Vicaretti, John Fletcher and Joshua Burns2016

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PedographyIntraoperative Pedobarography Leads to Improved Outcome ScoresMartinus Richter, MD, PhD and Stefan Zech, MD2009

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PedographyMetatarsal Length does not Correlate with Maximal Peak Pressure and Maximal ForceMartin Kaipel MD, Daniel Krapf MD, Christian Wyss MD2010

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PedographyDevelopment of healthy children’s feet—Nine-year results of a longitudinal investigation of plantar loading patternsKerstin Bosch, Joachim Gerß, Dieter Rosenbaum2010

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PedographyThe Accuracy of an Automasking Algorithm in Plantar Pressure MeasurementsScott J. Ellis, MD & Hill Stoecklein, BS & Joseph C. Yu, BS & Grisha Syrkin, BS & Howard Hillstrom, PhD & Jonathan T. Deland, MD2010

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PedographyPlantar pressures and ankle kinematics following anterior tibialis tendon transfers in children with clubfootKirsten Tulchin, Kelly A Jeans1 , Lori A Karol , Lindsey Crawford2014

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PedographyDevelopment of the infant foot as a load bearing structure- study protocol for a longitudinal evaluation (the Small Steps study)Carina Price , Juliet McClymont , Farina Hashmi1 , Stewart C. Morrison and Christopher Nester2018

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Sensor qualityEvaluation of pressure insoles during runningRene El Kati, Steph Forrestera , Paul Fleminga2010

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Sensor qualityWireless insoles to measure ground reaction forces – Step by step – validity in walking, hopping and runningGeoffrey T. Burns1 , Jessica Deneweth Zendler , and Ronald F. Zernicke2017

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Sensor qualityValidity and Repeatability of Single-Sensor Loadsol Insoles during LandingAlexander T. Peebles, Lindsay A. Maguir , Kristen E. Renner and Robin M. Queen2018

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Sensor qualityThe Reliability and Validity of the Loadsol® under Various Walking and Running ConditionsKristen E. Renner, DS BlaiseWilliams and Robin M. Queen2019

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Accuracy, Reproducibility and Quality Management

Publications:

There are numerous peer-reviewed publications that explain and validate our sensor technology. Very often our systems are used as a reference when new technologies are developed. For loadtech (loadsol, loadpad, and buttonsens) we recommend the publications by Seiberl et al. or Rendos et al. For details about our platforms (emed) we recommend Putti et al. or Maetzler et al. and for our portable pressure systems (pedar and pliance) we recommend the publications by Bijan et al. or Mulroy et al.

Quality Management:

Our QM is based on ISO13485 and follows strict rules for the development and construction of sensor technology. Many of our systems are available as medical devices and are used in the clinical community on a daily basis. We offer an extended warranty on all our sensors and pride ourselves on delivering the most robust systems on the market.

About novel

Like the Moroccan storytellers, most people have a story to tell about their lives. In what follows we would like to share our story: how novel was born, what are our current endeavours and our plans for the future. Our webpage further provides links and references to resources and themes outside of our company’s main fields of activity.

With more than 40 years of experience, novel is the global leader in accurate and reliable load distribution measurement systems. The company has developed several system families that are able to measure contact forces between many surfaces, for example between hand and tool, foot and shoe, buttock and airplane seat, or car tires and the ground. All novel systems operate with high quality, calibrated sensors and provide reliable and reproducible long term measurements. Outstanding scientific software for the analysis of medical and industrial data allows the user to be always one step ahead.

The company novel was founded in 1978 by Peter Seitz, who received his education from the Technical University of Munich. The novel headquarters are located in the center of Munich, Germany. The company has subsidiaries in Minneapolis/St. Paul, United States, and in Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Corporate History

From the very beginning, novel focused on medical electronics and sensor technology for industrial applications.
In 1979, novel was the first company in the world to develop a commercially available system for the mobile monitoring of uterus contractions in high-risk pregnancies. novel further developed a device that can measure the opening of the cervix during long-term delivery. In 1980 novel developed the first measurement system for safety in skiing on behalf of the ski laboratory of TÜV Munich. Since 1994 eight international ski teams train with novel measurement systems in order to improve their performance.

In 1982, the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) approved a grant application for the production of capacitive sensor matrices. A significant BMFT grant was awarded to novel in 1984 for developing a diagnostic pressure platform system for the neuropathic diabetic foot. Nowadays the emed pressure platforms are an indispensable tool in the early recognition and treatment of diabetic patients, and they assist the prevention of ulcerations in patients with neuropathic complications. The project was undertaken in cooperation with the Diabetes Research Group Munich and the LMU Orthopaedic University Hospital Munich.

In 1986, novel presented the first pedography system for the analysis of the dynamic foot function inside shoes (pedar). Ten years later, novel developed a system for the NASA International Space Station to assess body load in astronauts running on treadmills.

In 1989 novel even started it’s own (biannual and worldwide hosted) Emed Scientific Meeting (ESM) history at the university Liverpool. Since then, at this emed-user get together, new scientific studies are released and rewarded, and experienced foot specialists get together with the new generation of specialists to learn about, discuss and shape the future of measurement systems. 

In 1989 also the first, thin, capacitive shearforce sensor was demonstrated, followed up by the manugraphy system. The manugraphy system measures the hand forces while gripping, and provides a detailed and objective functional analysis of the different areas of the hand. 

For horseback riders novel developed a system to assess the interaction between horse, saddle and rider in various movements. Riders can expect to work with a horse that was analysed and trained using a novel monitoring system. 
In the future novel´s technology will allow car drivers to experience vehicle seats that adjust position and shape according to driving conditions. 

The latest release of novel was the wearable system loadsol. A project, which started in 2012, based on a patent to accurately measure force on a partly loaded capacitive surface sensor. This enabled to monitor the ground reaction forces with only one sensor, covering the whole surface under the foot. In opposite to the pedar system – which has many more sensors – the electronics were designed very small and the data could be collected much faster. Also, loadsol became the solution for smart, mobile force measurement during activities of daily life.  

The very successful project was prolonged by the development of loadsolpro – the professional solution for broad range application in measurement. This development was due to the various and numerous users of loadsol system, who were interested in many more different parameters to be measured.  

Loadsol, being the lean version, has shown to be the perfect fit for medical use – as it was approved as medical device in 2012 and as it’s features were shaped to fit the clinical use, without displaying too many parameters unnecessary in clinical application. Therefor it is already used in rehabilitation analysis of partial weightbearing.  

The loadpad, using the same technology as laodsol, was designed to fit applications with ergonomic or educational background, like training on Osteopathic Medicine.  

The company is relatively small but highly specialized in specific solutions. novel is widely known as a reliable partner in dealing with complex tasks and is able to supply an extremely wide field of applications. This has attracted a long list of users in various fields like medicine, biomechanics and industry. These factors have shaped more than 35 years of exciting work and supported the fact that novel is able to guarantee a long-term stability for its employees. Instead of mass production and financial gains, innovation and reliability are the driving factors in all novel developments. 

Today novel systems are used by well-known companies, universities and research centres all over the world.  

Products and Applications

novel has developed several system families tailored to specific applications: emed, pedar, pliance, manugraphy, loadsol, loadpad, texsens and buttonsens.

The emed system utilizes a sensor platform for barefoot load distribution measurements. emed platforms are accurate electronic systems for recording and evaluating pressure distribution under the foot in static and dynamic condition. The emed systems are used for foot diagnostics and the assessment of foot function in many medical disciplines.

The pedar system specializes in in-shoe measurements to evaluate the local load between foot and shoe. Footwear companies such as NIKE Inc, Adidas, LiNing, PUMA and many others are committed users of this technology. The pedar system, which enables to test foot function during sports activities, supports footwear design, improved comfort and injury prevention.

The pliance system assesses load distribution on soft and 3-D deformed surfaces. The pliance sensor family has been developed for the special needs of researchers and industry. Standard sensors are available in various shapes and sizes, and can be configured as single sensors or arranged in elastic matrixes to fit different measuring surfaces. Primary areas of application for this system are measurements of the load distribution on the human body like the back, the face, the chest or the arms and even in joints. For car seats e.g. users of this technology include companies such as Daimler, VW, Porsche, Kia, Hyundai and others.

New developments are under way; wearable technology utilizing AI may play an important role in the future.